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Objective:To evaluate the relationship between preoperative widespread pain and chronic post-surgical pain (CPSP) following total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in the patients with knee osteoarthritis.Methods:Two hundred American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅰ-Ⅲ patients with knee osteoarthritis, aged 40-70 yr, undergoing elective the first unilateral primary TKA under general anesthesia, were enrolled.The widespread pain index, visual analogue scale score, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and Central Sensitization Inventory scores were recorded at 1 day before surgery.The patients were divided into CPSP-positive group and CPSP-negative group according to visual analogue scale score at 6 months after surgery.Risk factors for CPSP were analyzed by logistic regression.Results:The results of logistic regression analysis showed that increased preoperative widespread pain index score, Central Sensitization Inventory score and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale score and female were risk factors for CPSP after TKA.Conclusions:Preoperative widespread pain is a risk factor for CPSP following TKA in the patients with knee osteoarthritis.
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Objective To investigate the effect of ultrasound-guided subcostal transverses ab-dominis plane block with dexmedetomidine mixed ropivacaine in related-living kidney transplantation donor.Methods Forty related living kidney transplantation donors (male 1 5 cases,female 25 cases, aged 20-60 years,ASA grade Ⅰ or Ⅱ)were randomized into dexmedetomidine group (group D,n =20)and control group (group C,n =20).All the patients received ultrasound-guided subcostal TAP block after operation,group D with dexmedetomidine 1 μg/kg and 0.375% ropivacaine to 20 ml,and group C with 0.375% ropivacaine 20 ml.All the patients were assessed with both Ramsay scores and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS)at rest or on moving at 2,4,8,24 and 48 hours after operation.The duration of sensory blockade,the first time and the times of pressing the analgesia pump in the first 24 hours after operation,the requirements of flurbiprofen axetil and midazolam were recorded.The u-rine on the first and the second day after operation and the first flatus time were compared.The plas-ma concentrations of urea nitrogen (BUN)and creatinine(Cr)before surgery and on the second and fifth day after operation were determined.Results Compared with group C,the scores of VAS were de-creased at 4 and 8 hours after operation in group D (P <0.05).There were no differences in Ramsay scores between the two groups.Compared with group C,less frequency of use of flurbiprofen axetil (15% vs 0%) and midazolam (10% vs 0%)in group D,longer time of sensory blockade,postponed time to firstly press the analgesia pump and the less frequency of pressing the analgesia pump in group D (P <0.05),the urine on the first day was increased and the first flatus time was earlier,the plasma concentrations of BUN and Cr were significantly lower on the second day after operation in group D (P < 0.05 ). Conclusion Dexmedetomidine mixed ropivacaine can promote the anaesthesia of ultrasound-guided subcostal TAP block with ropivacaine,prolong the time of sensory blockade and improve the recovery after nephrecto-my in living-related kidney donor.
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This paper uses the binomial logistic regression model and the 2011 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study ( CHALRS) to analyze the influencing factors on the choice of public or private hospitals by mid-dle-aged and elderly patients. The study finds that rural residents are significantly influenced by the self-evaluation of health, on-demand clinic consultation, and the use of basic medical insurance systems. There is a higher probability that patients that are not as healthy and that require clinical consultation or the use of the basic medical insurance sys-tem will choose public hospitals. The study concludes that elderly patients have greater trust in public hospitals when they seek treatment for disease risks. Moreover, the fixed points of medical insurance are concentrated in public hos-pitals, thereby prompting patients to choose public hospitals. It is suggested that the prevention and control of senile diseases be strengthened, the level of hospital consulting services be improved, and the access mechanisms of medi-cal insurance fixed point hospitals be adjusted.
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Objective: To investigate the expressions of EphrinB2 and its receptor EphB4, microvessel density (MVD), and Ki-67 in human brain astrocytomas and explore their pathological significance. Methods: Expressions of EphB4/EphrinB2, MVD and Ki-67 were detected by tissue microarray and Maxvision shortcut immunohistochemical staining in 84 cases of human astrocytomas and 12 cases of traumatic brain tissues. Results: The difference was significant in expressions of EphB4/ EphrinB2, MVD and Ki-67 labeling index (LI) between human astrocytomas and controlled human traumatic brain tissues (P < 0.05). Expression of EphB4/EphrinB2, MVD and Ki-67 LI had positive cooelation with tumor grade. Ki-67 LI and MVD positively correlated with expressions of EphB4 or EphrinB2 protein (P <0. 05). Conclusion: There is a close correlation between expression of EphB4/ EphrinB2 and differentiation degree, tumor angiogenesis in human brain astrocytoma. The over-expressions of EphB4 and EphrinB2 play an important role in promoting tumor development and angiogenesis. EphB4/ EphrinB2, MVD, and Ki-67 are fine reference parameters to estimate malignancy degree and pathologic features of human brain astrocytomas.
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OBJECTIVE:To provide the reference for drug stores to choose the chain mode:the direct sales or franchise.METHODS:The common modes of the drug store’chain administration and the current condition of the chain drug store industry in china were summarized;The merits&demerits of each mode and the environment,which influenced the choice of chain modes,were analyzed.RESULTS&CONCLUSION:The phenomenon can not be the proof that direct sales are better than the franchise in the market.The Chinese pharmaceutical chain enterprises should make their own choices based on the specific situation.The improved franchise mode is very competitive in the market.
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OBJECTIVE:To discuss the economic efficiency of original equipment manufacture(OEM)on drugs.METH?ODS:The economic efficiency of OEM on drugs was evaluated on the basis of transaction cost theory by analyzing the realistic and economic significance of OEM on pharmaceuticals and combining the current situation of supervision.RESULTS&CONCLUSION:The OEM on drugs should be encouraged at the proper time,by which the problem of repeated construction and low percentage of utilization of asset will be solved,and the rationalization of pharmaceutical industrial organization should be realized.
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OBJECTIVE:To discuss the connotation,significance and methods of pharmacoeconomics of Adverse Drug Reactions(ADR).METHODS:The related studies evaluating the economic impact of ADR both at home and abroad were sum_ marized by literature review.RESULTS&CONCLUSION:There existed a big gap in the researches between China and foreign countries.Approaches to assessment of the economic costs of ADR were found to be cost study,cost-efficiency analysis of drug safety.The cost study includes the following3steps:defining ADR,estimating the incidence of ADR and measuring the costs of ADR.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the cleavage activity of two deoxyribozymes targeting at hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA in vitro and evaluate their prospects of antiviral therapy.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Two specific sequences containing 5' ...A / U... 3' in HCV 5'-noncoding region and 5'-fragment of C region (5'-NCR-C) were selected as the target sites, and with the active region of 5'GGCTAGCTACAACGA3', two phosphorothioate deoxyribozymes (TDRz) named as TDRz-127 and TDRz1 were synthesized. HCV RNA 5'-NCR-C was transcribed in vitro from plasmid pHCV-neo which was completely linearized with restriction endonuclease Nar I, and its 5'-end phosphoric acid was deleted by calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase (CIP), then radiolabelled with T4 polynucleotide kinase and gamma-32P-ATP. Under the conditions such as pH 7.5 and a 10 mmol/L Mg2+ concentration, TDRz-127 and TDRz1 were separately (a 5 micromol/L final concentration) or combinedly (each 2.5 micromol/L) mixed with the substrate RNA (200 nmol/L). After denaturation and then renaturation, the reaction systems were incubated in 37 degrees C, and aliquots were removed to terminate the reaction at intended time points. The cleavage products were separated with 8% denaturated polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and displayed by autoradiography. Finally, the optical density of each product band was measured with Gel Documentation-Analyzing Systems for calculating the percentages of cleaved HCV 5'-NCR-C.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>After reaction for 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 min under the adopted conditions, about 8.3%, 16.1%, 24.3%, 26.2%, 29.4% and 31.1% of HCV 5'-NCR-C was cleaved by TDRz-127 respectively; 7.4%, 13.0%, 15.6%, 18.7%, 19.4% and 20.3% by TDRz1; and 15.1%, 29.6%, 37.8%, 39.1%, 41.5%, 42.6% by combining the two TDRzs.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Cleavage percentage of both TDRz-127 and TDRz1 increases with the time, and the effect of combining the two TDRzs is better than that of anyone.</p>
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Humans , 5' Untranslated Regions , Metabolism , Base Sequence , DNA, Catalytic , Genetics , Metabolism , Hepacivirus , Genetics , Molecular Sequence Data , RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional , RNA, Catalytic , Metabolism , RNA, Viral , Metabolism , mRNA Cleavage and Polyadenylation Factors , Genetics , MetabolismABSTRACT
Objective To study the probability of using hepatitis D virus (HDV) ribozyme as a kind of anti-hepatitis-C-virus (HCV) gene thera-py drugs. Methods The natural HDV genomic ribozyme′s stem Ⅳ was optimized and its substrate-binding region reconstructed, thus three recombinant HCV-specific HDV genomic ribozymes RzC1, RzC2 and RzC3 were obtained. HCV RNA 5'-noncoding region and 5'-fragment of C region (HCV RNA5'-NCR-C) were transcribed from plasmid pHCV-neo by T7 phage RNA polymerase in vitro, and radiolabelled at its 5'-end. The trans-cleaving reaction was performed by mixing the ribozymes and substrate at mol ratio 100∶1 under conditions as follows: 37℃, pH7.5, Mg2+ 20 mmol/L and deionized formamide 2.5 mol/L. Percentage of trans-cleaved products were calculated at different time points and used as the activity indicator of the three ribozymes. Results RzC1, RzC2 trans-cleaved more substrate when the time extended, and got to 24.9%,20.3% after reac-ting for 90 minutes respectively; RzC3 was not able to trans-cleave its substrate. Conclusion Recombinant HDV genomic ribozymes have the ability to trans-cleave HCV RNA, but the appropriate target sequence should be selected.
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Objective To study the probability of using hepatitis D virus (HDV) ribozyme as a kind of anti-hepatitis-C-virus (HCV) gene thera-py drugs. Methods The natural HDV genomic ribozyme′s stem Ⅳ was optimized and its substrate-binding region reconstructed, thus three recombinant HCV-specific HDV genomic ribozymes RzC1, RzC2 and RzC3 were obtained. HCV RNA 5'-noncoding region and 5'-fragment of C region (HCV RNA5'-NCR-C) were transcribed from plasmid pHCV-neo by T7 phage RNA polymerase in vitro, and radiolabelled at its 5'-end. The trans-cleaving reaction was performed by mixing the ribozymes and substrate at mol ratio 100∶1 under conditions as follows: 37℃, pH7.5, Mg2+ 20 mmol/L and deionized formamide 2.5 mol/L. Percentage of trans-cleaved products were calculated at different time points and used as the activity indicator of the three ribozymes. Results RzC1, RzC2 trans-cleaved more substrate when the time extended, and got to 24.9%,20.3% after reac-ting for 90 minutes respectively; RzC3 was not able to trans-cleave its substrate. Conclusion Recombinant HDV genomic ribozymes have the ability to trans-cleave HCV RNA, but the appropriate target sequence should be selected.
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OBJECTIVE:To analyze drug elasticity of demand of urban residents with quantitation.METHODS:Expand linear expenditure system(ELES)model was used to analyze sectional data of different kinds of consumption expenditure and the disposable income of urban residents in2003and to calculate the value of marginal consumption tendency,the elasticity value of demand income and the demand price.RESULTS&CONCLUSIONS:The changes of drugs price have little influence on drugs demand,for urban residents,drugs consumption belongs to necessary for life.
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OBJECTIVE:To provide the reference for industrial restructuring of pharmaceutical manufacturers in Jiangsu province.METHODS:Shift-share method was employed to analyze the competition among branch industries of pharmaceutical manufacturers in Jiangsu province.RESULT&CONCLUSION:The competitiveness of branch industries ranks as follows:chemical preparation manufacturing industry,chemical crude drug manufacturing industry,Chinese crude drug and Chinese patent drug processing industry,biologic product manufacturing industry,and animal drug manufacturing industry.
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OBJECTIVE:To probe into the related problems in the application of the cost-effectiveness analysis in pharmacoeconomics METHODS:To discuss the problems in the cost-effectiveness analysis by means of literature metrology,pharmacoeconomic criteria and mathematical proof RESULTS & CONCLUSION:When the cost-effectiveness analysis is adopted in evaluating the economy of drugs,we should especially pay attention to the selection of the clinical treatment indices,the calculation of costs,the usage of the incremental analysis and the comparison with the cost-minimization analysis
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OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for the development China as clinical research center in Asian-pacific re?gion.METHODS:To discuss the strengths,weaknesses,opportunities and threats of China as a regional clinical research center by analysis.RESULTS&CONCLUSION:Against the background of globalization of pharmaceutical research and development,expansion of the global clinical research markets provide great opportunities for China to develop its clinical re?search,and developing a good regulatory environment as well as improving the management of the clinical trial center will af?filiate China to be a competitive clinical research center in Asian-pacific region.
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OBJECTIVE:To provide suggestions for retail drugstores on how to tackle problems of non-quality induced drug returning from customers.METHODS:Reasons why it is hard to return the already purchased drugs were analyzed based on the status quo of drug returning in retail drugstores,and some countermeasures were presented on how to reduce or avoid non-quality induced drug returning problems.RESULTS&CONCLUSION:Non-quality induced drug returning problems can be well solved in drugstores through improving pharmaceutical care level and management level.